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Article History

Received: 8 August 2024

Accepted: 1 October 2024

First Online: 14 October 2024

Declarations

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: KKT has no conflicts of interest to declare. JS has no conflicts of interest to declare. FK has no conflicts of interest to declare. AB has no conflicts of interest to declare. KK is a consultant for and has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). KK is a consultant for Vygon (Aachen, Germany). MF is a consultant for Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA) and has received honoraria for consulting and giving lectures from CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria). DIS has received research funding from Edwards Lifesciences; he also is an advisor and has equity interest in Perceptive Medical (Newport Beach, CA, USA). CZ has no conflict of interest to declare. BS is a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). BS is a consultant for Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA) and has received honoraria for giving lectures from Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany). BS has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA). BS is a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA). BS has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria). BS is a consultant for Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden). BS is a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany). BS is a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants and honoraria for giving lectures from Vygon (Aachen, Germany). BS is a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants from Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland). BS is a consultant for Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA). BS has received institutional restricted research grants from Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BS was a consultant for and has received institutional restricted research grants from Tensys Medical (San Diego, CA, USA). BS is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. LS-U has no conflicts of interest to declare.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Fig. .