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Article History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 3 September 2025

Declarations

:

: M.M.R.F. Struys: No conflicts of interests have to be reported for this study. In general and not related to this study, his research group/department received (over the last 3 years) research grants and consultancy fees from Masimo (Irvine, CA, USA), Becton Dickinson (Eysins, Switzerland), Fresenius-Kabi (Bad Homburg, Germany), Paion (Aachen, Germany), Medcaptain Europe (Andelst, The Netherlands), Baxter (Chicago, IL, USA), Eagle Pharmaceuticals Inc (Woodcliff, NJ, USA), HanaPharm (Seoul, Republic of Korea). He receives royalties on intellectual property from Demed Medical (Sinaai, Belgium) and the Ghent University (Gent, Belgium). T.W.L. Scheeren received research grants and honoraria from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA) and Masimo Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA) for consulting and lecturing in the past (payments made to institution). T.W.L. Scheeren is currently working as Senior Medical Director for BD Advanced Patient Monitoring (Heidelberg, Germany). The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: The Medical Ethics Committee of the University Medical Center Groningen (Chairperson Prof. W.A. Kamps) reviewed our research protocol on April 20th, 2021 (METc 2021/191) and determined that it did not fall under the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). The study was successfully registered in the Netherlands Trial Register on November 3rd, 2021 (NL9852).

: Written informed consent was obtained from both parents before surgery.