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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 4 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: PS and MM declare no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript. BS is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA), Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA), GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA), Vygon (Aachen, Germany), Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA), Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA), RDS (Strasbourg, France). BS has received institutional restricted research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), GE Healthcare, Masimo, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany), CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Retia Medical, Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen, Baxter, GE Healthcare, Masimo, CNSystems Medizintechnik, Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Ratiopharm (Ulm, Germany). BS is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia.

: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors employed ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA) to assist in refining language, grammar, and style. All content generated by the tool was thoroughly reviewed, verified, and edited by the authors, who take full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the final manuscript.

: Not required.

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