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Authors
Bögli, Stefan Y.
Smith, Cameron https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4817-1350
Olakorede, Ihsane
Placek, Michal M.
Bale, Gemma
Smielewski, Peter
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swiss National Science Foundation (210839/225270)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council,United Kingdom (EP/S022139/1)
Gianna Angelopoulos Programme for Science Technology and Innovation
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 7 December 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Declarations
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: Peter Smielewski receives part of the licensing fees for ICM+ software, licensed by Cambridge Enterprise Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. The other authors declare no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest.
: Deidentified data for this study was sourced from the Brain Physics database (REC 23/YH/0085). This is a single-centre, observational data collection of moderate and severe TBI patients admitted to the Neurocritical Care Unit (Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK). Participants were undergoing invasive neuromonitoring in addition to regular physiological monitoring. Informed consent was waived by the local ethics committee.
