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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 14 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Change Date: 6 January 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised due to update in the format of table 1

Declarations

:

: KK is a consultant for and has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). KK is a consultant for Vygon (Aachen, Germany). BS is a consultant for Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA), Philips North America (Cambridge, MA, USA), GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA), Vygon (Aachen, Germany), Masimo (Neuchâtel, Switzerland), Retia Medical (Valhalla, NY, USA), Maquet Critical Care (Solna, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems (Feldkirchen, Germany), Dynocardia (Cambridge, MA, USA), RDS (Strasbourg, France). BS has received institutional restricted research grants from Edwards Lifesciences, Baxter (Deerfield, IL, USA), GE Healthcare, Masimo, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen (Böblingen, Germany), CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Retia Medical, Osypka Medical (Berlin, Germany). BS has received honoraria for giving lectures from Edwards Lifesciences, Philips Medizin Systeme Böblingen, Baxter, GE Healthcare, Masimo, CNSystems Medizintechnik, Getinge (Gothenburg, Sweden), Pulsion Medical Systems, Vygon, Ratiopharm (Ulm, Germany). BS is an Editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. WK, MH, AB, JW, SG, KG, JL, LG have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Independent Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen, Germany (EK 196/20).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.