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Article History

Received: 9 March 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

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: The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and the ethics committee at Hurley Medical Center (approval number 1201431–3). To ensure ethical compliance and respect for patient autonomy, written informed consent was diligently obtained from the patients or their legally authorized representatives before their inclusion in the study.

: M.L.N.G.M. is a Professor of Critical Care Research in the 1st Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, Poland. He is a co-founder, past President, and current Treasurer of The Abdominal Compartment Society (WSACS, ). He is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of Pulsion Medical Systems (part of the Getinge Group), Serenno Medical, Potrero Medical, Sentinel Medical Technologies, and Baxter, and consults for B. Braun, Becton Dickinson, ConvaTec, Spiegelberg, Medtronic, and Holtech Medical. He holds stock options for Serenno Medical, Sentinel Medical and Potrero Medical. He received speaker’s fees from PeerVoice. He is a co-founder and the President of the International Fluid Academy (IFA). The IFA ( ) is integrated into the not-for-profit charitable organization “International Medical Education and Research Initiative (iMERiT) under Belgian law. The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest in relation to the contents of this paper.

: Not applicable.