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Authors
Woollett, Nataly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-4873
Maluleke, Pamela
Franchino-Olsen, Hannabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4700-5100
Christofides, Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-6401
Thurston, Christina
Asghar, Khudejha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-7543
Silima, Mpho
Monaisa, Kopano
Meinck, Franziska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5234-3799
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (852787)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was granted by the University of Edinburgh School of Social and Political Science Research Ethics Committee (264227), the University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (M190949), and the North-West University Health Research Ethics Committee (NWU-00329–20-A1). Further ethical approval was granted by the Mpumalanga Department of Health (MP-202012–003). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. In addition, permission to interview mother/caregiver participants was sought from young daughters who were interviewed first before mother/caregiver participants were invited and consented to participate.
: FM reports grants from the European Research Council, UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund, and the Economic and Social Research Council, during the conduct of the study; and personal fees from the Sexual Violence Research Initiative and the Office of National Statistics. Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen reports personal fees from the Sexual Violence Research Initiative. The other authors declare no competing interests.
