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Authors
Schumacher, Linnea https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-5090
Levander, Marie Torstensson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8595-4502
Svalin, Klara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-5425
Ivert, Anna-Karin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-9549
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Malmö University
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Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
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: PADS + has been approved by the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology Ethics Committee and meets the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s (ESRC’s) requirements for research ethics.
: Pads + participants provided active consent to take part in the study in each data collection wave.
: The authors report there are no financial or non-financial interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this study
: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
