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Authors
Bunce, Annie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7244-0561
Davies, Elouise https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2202-269X
Barbosa, Estela Capelas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-131X
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: The secondary data analyses were approved by the committee at City, University of London that considers medium-risk applications (ETH21220–299). The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of1975, as revised in 2008. The data used in this paper is subject to a legal data sharing agreement between Women’s Aid Federation of England (WAFE) and City St. George’s University. Data may be available from WAFE subject to further data sharing arrangements.
: We declare no competing interests.
