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Article History

Accepted: 22 January 2025

First Online: 19 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this article. The 3-year declaration of interest statement of this research team is as follows: In the last three years, ND and SM have received research and consultancy funding from multiple sources, including via hypothecated taxes from gambling revenue. ND has received research funding from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Svenska Spel’s Independent Research Council, Health Research Council of New Zealand, and New Zealand Ministry of Health. SM has received research funding from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Health Research Council of New Zealand and the New Zealand Ministry of Health. MB and MR have received research and consultancy funding from various governmental sources, including New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New Zealand Ministry of Health, Gambling Research Australia, and the Government of South Australia. These funds have supported a range of studies including the impacts of gambling, gambling behaviours, and gambling regulation. MR has not received research or consultancy funding directly from the gambling, tobacco, or alcohol industries or any other industry-sponsored organization. None of the authors have knowingly received research or consultancy funding from the gambling, tobacco, or alcohol industries or any industry-sponsored organisation.

: The Fourth SEIS received ethics approval from the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol #2017-145), and the secondary analysis presented in this manuscript was approved by an exemption from ethical review provided by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (2020-410).