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Authors
Spence, Kimberley https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1982-6390
Dowling, Nicki A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8592-2407
Browne, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-6229
Rockloff, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-2690
Merkouris, Stephanie S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-6121
Dias, Stephanie E https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-8305
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deakin University
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Article History
Accepted: 9 April 2025
First Online: 28 April 2025
Declarations
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: The Fourth SEIS received ethics approval from the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol #2017-145), and the secondary analysis presented in this manuscript was approved by an exemption from ethical review provided by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (2020-410).
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this article. The 3-year declaration of interest statement of this research team is as follows: In the last three years, ND and SM have received research and consultancy funding from multiple sources, including via hypothecated taxes from gambling revenue. ND has received research funding from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Tasmanian Department of Treasury and Finance, Gambling Research Australia, Svenka Spel’s Independent Research Council, Health Research Council of New Zealand, and New Zealand Ministry of Health. She has been the recipient of a Deakin University Faculty of Health Mid-Career Fellowship. SM has received research funding from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Gambling Research Australia, Health Research Council of New Zealand and the New Zealand Ministry of Health. She is currently the recipient of a New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. MB and MR have received research and consultancy funding from various governmental sources, including New South Wales Office of Responsible Gambling, Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, New Zealand Ministry of Health, Gambling Research Australia, and the Government of South Australia. These funds have supported a range of studies including the impacts of gambling, gambling behaviours, and gambling regulation. MR and MB have not received research or consultancy funding directly from the gambling, tobacco, or alcohol industries or any other industry-sponsored organization. In the last 3 years, SD has received research funding from the New Zealand Ministry of Health. None of the authors have knowingly received research or consultancy funding from the gambling, tobacco, or alcohol industries or any industry-sponsored organisation.
