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Authors
Santos, Teejay https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8546-0905
Heirene, Robert M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-7102
Cobb-Clark, Deborah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2895-7886
Tymula, Agnieszka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0521-8477
Gainsbury, Sally M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5838
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Sydney
International Centre for Responsible Gaming
University of Sydney
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Article History
Accepted: 29 May 2025
First Online: 9 June 2025
Declarations
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: The study materials and procedure were approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Research Committee (HREC Protocol No. 2023/771)) and all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the 2023 Australian National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (National Health & Medical Research Council, ; The World Medical Association, ).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: RH has worked on a project funded by Responsible Wagering Australia (a representative body of Australian online wagering operators; University of Sydney, 2019-2021) and as an independent, sub-contracted statistical consultant for PRET Solutions Inc on a commissioned project (funded by the Australian Casino operator Crown; 2023). RH has received research funding from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (ICRG) and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney.RH, SG, DCC and AT are named investigators on a grant from the ICRG in 2023.TS has worked on projects funded through the University of Sydney from Sportsbet, West HQ and the ICRG.SG has received direct and indirect funding since 2020 through the University of Sydney from Australian Leisure and Hospitality Group Pty Ltd, Entain Australia, Sportsbet, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, West HQ, Brain and Mind Centre, Cambridge Health Alliance, Aristocrat Leisure Limited, and ICRG. SG has received consulting funds for providing subject matter expertise for New Zealand Crown Counsel, NSW Liquor & Gaming Authority, New Zealand Gaming Machine Association, Singapore Ministry of Health, Betcloud, NZ BlueCloud, UK Behavioural Insights Team, KPMG, QBE, Coms Systems Limited, Advance Gaming (NZ) Limited, GambleAware, Star Entertainment, GREO, Senet, Norths Collective, Safer Gambling Institute and King & Wood Mallesons. SG has received honorarium and/or travel costs for presentations for Cyprus National Betting Authority, Asian Racing Federation, Leagues Club Australia, Australian Cricketers Association, Star Entertainment, CAMH, Behavioural Insights Team, National Council on Problem Gambling, GambleAware, GREO, Informa, and Washington State Council, European Lotteries Association. SG holds unpaid appointments as an invited member on the NSW Independent Panel on Gambling Reform, is the Pillar Champion for Technology and Environment for the QLD Responsible Gambling Advisory Committee, is a board member for the Asian Racing Federation Council on Anti-Illegal Betting and Related Financial Crime. SG receives an honorarium for her role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis.
