Funding for this research was provided by:
The University of Adelaide
Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
: Tyler MacGinlay. No declarations
: Paul Delfabbro. Over the last 3 years, I have undertaken consultancy and research work for regulatory organizations (NZ Gambling Commission); government departments (South Australian Department for Human Services) and conducted views of product risk for industry groups including Premier Lotteries Ireland; analysed the relationship between product engagement and risk indicators in project in a project funded and supported by from Kindred Pty Ltd; and, conducted reviews of product risk and vulnerable populations for Allywn in the UK.
: Daniel King. I have undertaken consultancy and research work related to gaming disorder, gaming-gambling convergence, and adolescent digital technology use for the World Health Organisation and various government departments in Australia and I have received honoraria for conference and seminar presentations in the past 3 years. I have no gaming- or gambling-related industry connections or related commercial relationships to declare.
: Date Statement. The full data-set is available from the authors upon request.