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Authors
Zhang, Zongshuai https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6581-755X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanxi Sports Lottery Administration Center
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Nanjing Normal University Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the voluntary nature of participation, the confidentiality of their responses, the absence of personal data collection, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.
: The author consents to the publication of this manuscript in the Journal of Gambling Studies .
: The author reports that there are no competing interests to declare.
