Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 25 March 2026

Declarations

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: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to declare. JT has received, in the last three years: (1) Open access publication funding from Gambling Research Exchange Ontario (GREO), (2) Conference travel and accommodation funding from the Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling (AFSG), (3) A minor exploratory research grant from the ASFG and GREO, 4) Seed Grant funding from the International Centre for Responsible Gambling (ICRG), 5) Studentship funding from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), 6) Rapid evidence review (RER) funding from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), 7) Policy Fellowship funding from UKRI. SW has no disclosures to report. PN was a member of the Advisory Board for Safer Gambling from 2021 to 2025, which was an advisory group of the Gambling Commission in Great Britain. In the last three years, PN has been a named researcher on projects funded by the Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling, Alberta Gambling Research Institute, BA/Leverhulme, Canadian Institute for Health Research, Clean Up Gambling, Gambling Research Australia, and the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation. PN has received honoraria for reviewing from the Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling and the Belgium Ministry of Justice, travel and accommodation funding from the Alberta Gambling Research Institute and the Economic and Social Research Institute, and open access fee funding from the Academic Forum for the Study of Gambling and Greo Evidence Insights. TC has no disclosures to report. MQ has received, in the last three years: (1) Seed Grant funding from the International Centre for Responsible Gambling (ICRG), (2) Impact grant funding from the Bristol Hub for Gambling Harms, (3), Seed Grant funding from the Bristol Hub for Gambling Harms, (4) Studentship funding from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). In the last three years, SD has received funding from Health and Care Research Wales (HCRW), Gambling Commission (regulatory settlements), Greo Evidence Insights, Bristol Hub for Gambling Harms Research, UK Cabinet Office/Office of Veterans Affairs, Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust, and The British Academy/Leverhulme Trust. He is the Director of the Gambling Research, Education and Treatment (GREAT) Centre at Swansea University, which was set up with infrastructure funding from Welsh Government through HCRW - the views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of HCRW or Welsh Government - and Director of the Centre for Military Gambling Research, which is funded by way of regulatory settlements.