Funding for this research was provided by:
Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B20084)
Major Program of National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China (24ZDA087)
Article History
Received: 6 August 2024
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 17 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: In order to ensure the rights of participants in the project, the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) project follows relevant regulations by regularly submitting ethical review or continuing review applications to the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (PU IRB), and carries out corresponding data collection work only after obtaining ethical review approval. As the CFPS project is a continuous tracking survey project, after the initial approval, subsequent years’ applications to the ethics review committee are for continuing review. The ethical review approval number for the CFPS project will not change with different survey rounds, and is uniformly designated as: IRB00001052-14010.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to the enrolment of this study.