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Authors
Zheng, Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3339-5606
Bialowolski, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4102-0107
Niemiec, Ryan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-611X
Weziak-Bialowolska, Dorota https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2711-2283
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2024/55/B/HS6/00041)
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ryan Niemiec is employed in VIA Institute on Character – the institution that collected the data used in the study. Other authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The data used in this study were obtained from publicly available databases. This research study was conducted using anonymized data obtained for research purposes by VIA Institute on Character. We consulted extensively with the Research Ethics Committee of Kozminski University who determined that procedures used this data collection adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity and European Commission Ethics in Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct by American Psychological Association. Approval for the data collection was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Kozminski University.
