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Authors
Yamauchi, Takashi
Shimazaki, Takashi
Takeshima, Tadashi
Suka, Machi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22K10536)
Kawasaki City (Commissioned project fund)
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 5 October 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Ethics approval was not required for the present study according to the “Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research involving Human Subjects” by the Japanese government, as this study involved a secondary analysis of national surveillance data that did not include any personally identifiable information. De-identified individual-level data from vital statistics are available for scientific research following approval by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare under Article 33 of Japan’s Statistics Act.
