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Authors
Lazim, Nurul Hakimah
Johari, Mohd Aidy Faizal
Mazlan, Saiful Amri
Nordin, Nur Azmah
Yusuf, Shahir Mohd
Fatah, Abdul Yasser Abd
Shamsudin, Siti Aisyah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia (Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HiCOE) Research Grant)
UTM Fundamental Research (Vot No. 22H14)
Professional Development Research University (Vot. No. 06E95)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 9 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
