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Article History

Received: 1 April 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Initial xenograft studies were conducted under the UCLA Chancellor’s Animal Research Committee (Certification 95-127-11). Continuing animal studies were approved by The Ohio State University’s Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), protocol 2007A0218 and human cell line studies by The Ohio State University’s Institutional Biosafety Committee, protocol 2007R0057. Additional animal studies were approved by the University of Nevada’s School of Medicine and the Nevada Cancer Institute’s IACUC, protocols 00439 and 00440 when the corresponding author of this study was affiliated with these previous institutions. Subsequent animal studies were conducted under an Interinstitutional Agreement between the California University of Science and Medicine and Anticancer, Inc. using the latter’s IACUC protocol D16-00503 and OLAW A3873-01. Final animal studies were carried out at Meharry Medical College, OLAW D16-00261, IACUC A3420.Collection and use of human tissues from patients with breast cancer including infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC), inflammatory breast carcinomas (IBC) and metaplastic carcinomas (MC), completely deidentified and anonymized, was approved by The Ohio State University Cancer Institutional Review Board (IRB) under protocol 2006C0042. Additional cases of human breast cancer were obtained from the Meharry Medical College and its Translational Pathology Shared Resource Core. These were retrospective tissue retrieval studies designated as exempt from Human Subject review.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.