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Authors
Han, Qianying
Ban, Miaomiao
Zhang, Ting
Yu, Tianyun
Yan, Xingyue
Hu, Yumeng
Wu, Pengfei
Ma, Yanfang
Xu, Luzheng
Su, Yanrong
Li, Li
Li, Mo
Shao, Genze
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation General Program (CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0581)
the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (7222107)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972477)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: All animal experiments in this study were conducted in strict accordance with international guidelines for the welfare and ethics of laboratory animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Peking University (Ethics Approval Number: BCJB0009). All mammary tissue samples were collected after euthanasia by cervical dislocation following isoflurane inhalation anesthesia. The procedures followed the 3R principles of "Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement" to minimize animal suffering. This study did not involve any human samples or participants, and therefore no human ethics approval was required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
