Spurlin, William J. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-2308
Funding for this research was provided by:
Brunel University
Article History
First Online: 3 August 2018
Endnotes
: Superscript removedSee Foucault 1980, 42-43History of Sexuality.Superscript removedFor psychoanalytic work on homosexuality from this early period, from the late 1940s through 1970, see Sandor Rado, 1949; Edmund Bergler, 1956; Bieber, et al., 1962,Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals, New York: Basic Books, reprinted as Irving Bieber, et al., 1988,Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study, Northvale, NJ: Aronson; and Charles Socarides, 1968.Superscript removedIn hisThree Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, Freud remarks that “the exclusive sexual interest felt by men for women is also a problem that needs elucidating and is not a self-evident fact based upon an attraction that is ultimately of a chemical nature. A person’s final sexual attitude is not decided until after puberty and is the result of a number of factors, not all of which are yet known; some are of a constitutional nature but others are accidental” (Freud 1962, n1, 12).Superscript removedWhile the connection to the medicalization of gender has already been discussed in Bieber’s work on the etiology of homosexuality in the post-war years, the descriptions of GIDC in theDSM-IIIandDSM-IVlist such diagnostic criteria as a preference for cross-dressing or simulating female attire in boys, an insistence on wearing only stereotypically masculine clothing in girls; strong and persistent preferences for cross-sex roles in make-believe play or persistent fantasies of being the other sex; intense desires to participate in the stereotypical games and pastimes of the other sex, and a strong preference for playmates of the other sex (APA 1994, 537). TheDSM-Vdoes stipulate that the clinical problem is on dysphoria and not on gender identity per se (APA 2013).Superscript removedFor the German language text to which Proctor is referring, see J. Lange, 1938.Superscript removedFor the German source to which Proctor refers, see “Staatsfeinde sind auszumerzen!”Informationsdienst, June 20, 1938.Superscript removedAs I have argued elsewhere, the social use of biomedical discourses relegated homosexuals under National Socialism as threats to the economic and political well-being of the German nation-state, and played a role in justifying persecutions against them, including the revision of Paragraph 175 of the Reich Penal Code. See Spurlin, 2009,Lost Intimacies: Rethinking Homosexuality under National Socialism, especially Chapters 2 and 3.Superscript removedFor example, an article on HIV/AIDS in southern Africa inThe Economistin 2002 begins with a voyeuristic narrative of sexual practices in Botswana, describing some indigenous men’s preferences for “dry sex” whereby women, in order to provide more pleasure for their male partners, insert toothpaste or herbs into their vaginas in order to prevent lubrication, which can lead to tears in vaginal tissues and bleeding during penetration and thereby allow the human immunodeficiency virus to penetrate the tissue. While the practice, provided the male partner is HIV-infected, can place the woman at risk for infection, beginning an article about HIV/AIDS in southern Africa with “dry sex” reproduces textually an orientalist erotics that imagines non-western exotic otherness as a site of sexual deviance or excess, supposedly far removed from the sexual epistemologies and practices of the West. See “Fighting Back. Special Report: AIDS in Southern Africa” 2002.Superscript removedMcRuer also links able-bodied identity and heterosexual identity as performative given that each identity “is simultaneously the ground on which all identities supposedly rest (as natural, as given) and an impressive achievement that is always deferred and thus never really guaranteed” (2010, 386; parentheses mine). This calls to mind Butler’s theory of gender performativity through the citation and embodiment of gender norms, which creates the illusion of gender as a substance of being instead of as “a complexity whose totality is permanently deferred, never fully what it is at any given juncture in time’ (Butler 1999, 22).Superscript removedAs examples, the study indicated that cervical cancer and genital human papillomavirus often go untreated in lesbians, high rates of hepatitis remain high among gay men, and transgendered individuals who take unprescribed hormones in the later stages of gender transitioning risk infection and other side effects. See Juno Obedin-Maliver, Elizabeth S. Goldsmith, Leslie Stewart, et al., 2011.