Venkatesan, Sathyaraj
Saji, Sweetha
Article History
First Online: 17 August 2018
Endnotes
: <sup>1</sup> The 1960s underground comix artists like Robert Crumb, Aline-Komisky Crumb, Justin Green and others made use of this mode of subversion which not only reoriented graphic narration but also introduced novel and significant forms of confessional narratives in comics. In so doing, they refashioned attitudes towards the marginalized and underprivileged in society. To a certain extent, graphic pathographies also utilize modes of humour (such as irony, pun, sarcasm) in order to challenge the assumed infallible status and unquestioned roles of the doctors in an institutionalized setting. (See Kasthuri and Venkatesan 2015).<sup>2</sup> Havi Carel (2016) borrows the term “epistemic injustice” from the philosopher Miranda Fricker to refer to the injustice caused by “biases and negative stereotypes about illness that can lead interlocuters to treat ill persons’ reports with unwarranted disbelief or dismissiveness” (180). Carel investigates the epistemic dimensions in doctor-patient interactions and provides phenemenological toolkit which addresses the epistemic injustice in illness. See chapter eight, “Epistemic Injustice in Healthcare” in Carel’s <i>Phenemenology of Illness</i>.<sup>3</sup> According to Pierrie Bourdieu, symbolic violence is “instituted through the adherence that the dominated cannot fail to grant the dominant.. .the embodiment of the—thereby naturalized—classifications of which her social being is the product.” See Arthur Frank’s “The Negative Privilege of Women’s Illness Narratives.”