Funding for this research was provided by:
The CAS AMSS-PolyU Joint Laboratory of Applied Mathematics (JLFS/P-501/24)
Hong Kong Research Grants Council (No. RFS2021-5S03)
Hong Kong Research Grants Council (15303121)
National Science Foundation (DMS-2409634)
Beijing Normal University (312200502508)
Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Revised: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.