Vidal, Pauline https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7233-6351
Bourne, Emily https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3469-2338
Grandgirard, Virginie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-9107
Mehrenberger, Michel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-409X
Sonnendrücker, Eric https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-7230
Funding for this research was provided by:
EUROfusion
Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Revised: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 23 January 2026
Change Date: 6 May 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The legends of Figures 10 and 11 have been corrected.
Change Date: 7 May 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-026-03264-1
Declarations
:
: Emily Bourne is employed by École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. Virginie Grandgirard is employed by Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) in France. Michel Mehrenberger is employed by Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille (I2M) and Aix-Marseille University (AMU) in France. Eric Sonnendrücker is employed by Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (IPP) and Technische Universität München (TUM) in Germany. Pauline Vidal is employed by Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (IPP) in Germany.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.