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Authors
Ruan, Qian
Shi, Jinghong
Dai, Yunke
Yang, Pingliang
Zhu, Na
Wang, Shun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chengdu Medical College,China (Grant No. 24LHLNYX1-10)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 16 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study (2024CYFYIRB-BA-Dec11) was provided by the Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China (Chairperson Hu Chen) on December 10, 2024. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee as this study evaluated LLMs performance using de-identified standardized clinical cases and did not involve direct patient participation. All case information was thoroughly anonymized to ensure patient privacy was fully protected. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: No artificial intelligence (AI) tools or AI-generated text were used in the research process or in writing this publication.
