Chen, Kai-Chieh
Kuo, Matthew
Lee, Chun-Ho
Liao, Hao-Chun
Tsai, Dung-Jang
Lin, Shing-An
Hsiang, Chih-Wei
Chang, Cheng-Kuang
Ko, Kai-Hsiung
Hsu, Yi-Chih
Chang, Wei-Chou
Huang, Guo-Shu
Fang, Wen-Hui
Lin, Chin-Sheng
Lin, Shih-Hua
Chen, Yuan-Hao
Hung, Yi-Jen
Tsai, Chien-Sung
Lin, Chin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-2096
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC112-2321-B-016-003)
Medical Affairs Bureau (MND-MAB-C07-113021)
Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (IRB NO. C20230519). The IRB approved the study protocol and waived the requirement for individual informed consent due to the use of fully anonymized and retrospective data.
: All the data were obtained from the hospital’s quality control center, fully anonymized prior to analysis, and exempt from informed consent as approved by the Institutional Review Board.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.