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Authors
Ming, Shuai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-880X
Yao, Xi
Guo, Qingge
Chen, Dandan
Guo, Xiaohong
Xie, Kunpeng
Lei, Bo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province (No. 252102311241, No. 242102311075)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 7 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital determined that this in silico research did not involve real-world human subjects. All case vignettes obtained from publicly accessible published textbooks. During data collection, both GPT-o1 and o3 were available commercially via ChatGPT Plus subscriptions.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
