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Authors
Xu, Lei
Zhao, Wenzhe
Huang, Xin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12505412)
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2025JC-YBQN-1093)
Institutional Foundation of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (2024-QN-26)
Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi (2025CY-YBXM-196)
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Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 18 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was a secondary analysis of a previously published vignette dataset. The vignettes and their validation procedures were developed based on the study of Levine et al., which received ethics exemption from the Institutional Review Board of Harvard Medical School. The authors of the current study had no affiliation with Harvard Medical School, and no new human subjects research was conducted.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
