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Authors
Xu, Lei
Zhao, Wenzhe
Qin, Yuxin
Wang, Jingyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of China (12505412)
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2025JC-YBQN-1093)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was exempt from institutional review board (IRB) approval, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. The research was conducted exclusively using publicly available, anonymized datasets. Specifically, the MedQA-USMLE dataset is an open-source benchmark derived from publicly available examination preparation materials, and the NEJM Case Challenges dataset was curated from a public, educational case series. No human participants were involved in this study, and no private patient data or protected health information was accessed or used.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
