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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 9 June 2026

First Online: 28 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Co-author AC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT190100218). In addition, AC’s institution receives research funding from Worksafe Victoria, State Insurance Regulatory Authority of NSW, icare NSW, WorkCover QLD, Comcare, Safe Work Australia on other projects. AC receives data for research from all 8 of the state and territory workers compensation regulators in Australia, and the Commonwealth government, to support research projects he leads. He is also on the expert advisory committees for SIRA NSW and iCare and ReturnToWork SA. AC is currently a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation.

: The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Ethics approval was obtained from Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Project ID: 20513).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Consent to publish has been received from all participants.

: This research was funded in whole or part by the National Health and Medical Research Council [ID 1160223]. For the purposes of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.