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Authors
Edet, Precious Patrick https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9405-5852
Allen, Hannah K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9742-4018
Al Juboori, Ruaa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-3755
Bhuiyan, Azad R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-5296
Yockey, Andrew https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3951-0715
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH083620-14)
Office of National Drug Control Policy (CDS9923G0006)
Office of National Drug Control Policy (CDS9924G0017)
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The 2023 YRBS dataset is publicly available and contains no personal identifiable information. Its data collection and distribution are overseen by the CDC, ensuring compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and statutory guidelines (CDC, , ).
: The 2023 YRBS required active parental permission during the original data collection process, ensuring that only students with signed parental informed consent forms participated in the survey (CDC, ). As this study utilized publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the 2023 YRBS, additional informed consent was not required.
