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Authors
Al-khresheh, Mohammad Hamad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8647-8854
AL-Qadri, Abdo Hasan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9276-6534
Alanazi, Sami Mohammed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-6980
Abdelwahab, Dalia
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2024
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Declarations
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: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
: This study was approved by the Permanent Committee for Research Ethics at Northern Border University in accordance with the university’s ethical guidelines and international standards for research involving human participants.
: Participants were assured of anonymity and data confidentiality, with no email or IP addresses collected—only a timestamp. The survey’s introductory page outlined the study’s objective and stressed that responses would be handled confidentially. Participation was voluntary, and choosing to proceed with the survey constituted their informed consent.
