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Authors
Knabe, Max https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-7319
Barnum, Timothy C.
Herman, Shaina
van Gelder, Jean-Louis
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law
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Article History
Received: 20 June 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
: The project described in this work was approved by the Max-Planck-Society Ethics Council.
: This manuscript is not currently under review, forthcoming, or published (in any form) in any other scholarly outlet. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: There was no external financial support for the project described in this work. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: All supplementary materials to this manuscript can be accessed with this link: https://osf.io/vzc4w/?view_only=1a91d50812c349a59b105ce763570c40. The preregistration to this study can be accessed with this link: https://osf.io/ejbsu/?view_only=dcfa5d6d3fb74ce1a427d2d6e2100a2e.
