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Authors
Jakobsson, Niklas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-8793
Gerell, Manne
Kristensson, Per
Jakobsson Støre, Siri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karlstad University
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Article History
Received: 5 April 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 30 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests, financial or non-financial, to declare.
: Not applicable. The study uses aggregate crime statistics at the municipality level with no individual-level data.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this work the authors used Claude (Anthropic), ChatGPT (OpenAI), and Refine.ink to assist with debugging and writing the Stata analysis code, constructing robustness checks, and improving the readability and language of the manuscript. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
