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Article History

Accepted: 6 May 2025

First Online: 22 May 2025

Declarations

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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant ethical standards governing research involving human participants. Ethical approval for the study and its methodologies was granted by the Lagos State University Ethics Committee (Institutional Review Board, IRB). Further approvals were obtained at the institutional level, with the heads of the participating institutions formally endorsing the study to be conducted within their schools. The research strictly adhered to ethical principles to ensure the rights, safety, and well-being of participants.

: Participants were provided with detailed information regarding the purpose, procedures, and potential implications of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion. They were assured of their rights to confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary participation. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without providing a reason and without any negative consequences.

: All participants provided written informed consent for the collection, analysis, and publication of their data in this study. They were informed that their responses would be used solely for research purposes and that their identities would remain anonymous. No identifiable personal data has been included in this publication.

: This study involved human participants. All procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical standards outlined by Lagos State University Ethics Committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: The authors declare no competing interests.