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Article History

Received: 1 April 2025

Accepted: 23 August 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Chunghua University of Education (Approved number: NCUEREC-110–029). All participants were thoroughly informed about the research objectives and procedures, and their privacy wasfully protected. Informed consent was obtained from both the school administration and parents or legal guardians prior to the intervention. No personal identifiers were included in the study report. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Since the participants were fourth graders under the age of 18, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before participation, and verbal assent was obtained from the students to ensure their voluntary participation. Additionally, permission was secured from the school administration to conduct the study within the school setting.

: This study involved human participants and was conducted in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by the National Changhua University of Education Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the American Psychological Association (APA). Given that the participants were under the age of 18, additional safeguards were implemented to protect their rights and well-being. No animals were involved in this research.

: Parental or guardian consent was obtained for all participants before their involvement in the study. Additionally, the students provided verbal assent to participate after receiving an age-appropriate explanation of the study’s purpose and procedures.

: Parental or guardian consent was obtained for the publication of anonymized data collected during the study. No personally identifiable information of the participants is disclosed in the published findings.

: The authors declare no competing interests.