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Authors
Zhuang, Min https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6552-2666
Kirby, Caitlin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4784-123X
Stoltzfus, Jon R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9502-1557
Krueger, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3445-8939
Liu, Jinjie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-411X
Mias, George https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9083-1216
Parkin, Kirstin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-6246
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2025
Accepted: 22 November 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: This research study was conducted retrospectively from anonymized data obtained in typical educational procedures. It was determined to be not human subjects research by Michigan State University's IRB (STUDY00009688).
: As this was a retrospective research study conducted on anonymized data, there was no interactions with the researchers and participants, and as such informed consent for the use or publishing of anonymized data was not obtained.
: As this study used anonymized data with no identifiable personal information, consent to participate was not obtained.
: As this study used anonymized data with no identifiable personal information, consent to publish was not obtained.
: The authors declare no competing interests relevant to the content of this article.
: As this study was conducted using anonymized data from typical educational procedures, there were no interactions with human participants or animals. The study was determined not to involve human subjects research by Michigan State University’s IRB (STUDY00009688).
: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT 4o in order to develop and troubleshoot R code for data analysis. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.
