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Authors
Li, Ziying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4375-8332
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 4 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study used publicly available, de-identified secondary data from the OECD PISA 2022 database. Ethical approval was not required for this type of research.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
