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Authors
Setiawan, Irwan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-1495
Kao, Hung-Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8890-8544
Chuang, Kun-Ta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-8550
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 1 May 2026
First Online: 9 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines for educational research. Approval was obtained from the relevant institutional review body at Politeknik Negeri Bandung.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the study.
: All participants provided informed consent to participate in the classroom-based study.
: All participants provided consent for anonymized data to be used for research dissemination and publication.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: The research involved human participants (undergraduate students). No experiments on animals were conducted.
