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Article History

Received: 10 March 2026

Accepted: 23 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Research Committee of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UEH), Vietnam. The research complied with institutional guidelines for studies involving human participants.

: All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their rights before completing the questionnaire. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

: All participants voluntarily agreed to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: Participant privacy was strictly protected throughout the study. Before beginning the survey, participants received detailed information about the purpose of the research and were assured of complete anonymity. No personally identifiable information was collected, and all data were stored securely and analyzed in aggregated form.The study was reviewed, approved, and funded by the Research Committee of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UEH), Vietnam. As the research relied solely on anonymous survey responses and did not involve experimental intervention with human or animal subjects, separate ethical approval was not required in accordance with institutional and international ethical guidelines.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.