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Article History

Received: 6 February 2026

Accepted: 21 April 2026

First Online: 9 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in strict adherence to ethical standards and received full approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Weifang University of Science and Technology. The IRB reviewed and approved the study protocol (Approval No. 2024-IRB-119), confirming that the research posed minimal risk to participants and was conducted in compliance with ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. They were informed of the confidentiality of their responses, the aggregation of data for analysis, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. No financial or other incentives were provided for participation. Additionally, participants were assured of their anonymity, the research purpose, data usage, and that there were no risks associated with participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.