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Authors
Killick, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-750X
Stephens, Jay https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1299-3946
Katongo, Maggie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-1350
Chirikure, Shadreck https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-4253
Mathur, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9095-8527
Powell, Wayne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-2430
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Article History
Accepted: 9 August 2025
First Online: 1 November 2025
Declarations
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: This work was supported by grant BCS1852958 of the U.S. National Science Foundation to DJK. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Samples for chemical, isotopic and radiocarbon analysis were exported under permits issued by the National Heritage Conservation Committee (Zambia) and the National Museums and Monuments Board (Zimbabwe). The lead isotope data reported here were assigned provenances by comparison with reference database of > 800 lead isotope ratios of southern African ores, which can be freely accessed at the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR id: 472614; ).
