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Article History

Received: 12 August 2022

Accepted: 3 February 2023

First Online: 20 February 2023

Compliance with Ethical Standards

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All study recruitment and measurement procedures were approved by the school district and the University’s Institutional Review Board.

: Parental opt-out and youth assent were obtained from all participants. All parents were given the option to opt out of their child’s participation in the study as the study used a passive consent procedure since the school served as loca parentis of the study. Parental opt-out option was sought because youth survey did not include any sensitive questions (e.g., substance use or sexual experiences) and to increase participation rates to ensure the validity of friendship network data. It is noteworthy that parental opt-out option is no longer acceptable in school-based peer relations research.