Heppt, Birgit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9755-9836
Schwarzenthal, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6278-6227
Scharf, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-1128
Article History
Received: 16 August 2024
Accepted: 18 January 2025
First Online: 7 February 2025
Compliance with Ethical Standards
:
: The authors report no conflict of interests.
: This study is a secondary data analysis that did not include a primary data collection. However, for the data to be available from the Research Data Centre of the Institute for Educational Quality Improvement (IQB), Germany, the German PISA consortium had to ensure that all procedures and materials used in the data collection were authorized by the state education administrations, that informed consent was obtained from all participants, and that the investigation was in line with regulations of data protection privacy and ethical standards.