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Article History

Received: 4 December 2024

Accepted: 25 March 2025

First Online: 13 April 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The data used in this study were collected after obtaining ethical approval from the Uppsala Regional Ethics Board (7 Schools #2007/094; 3 Cities #2013/384). The data collections and this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards defined by the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and Swedish guidelines in force at the time of data collection. This study conforms to the guidelines set out by the Swedish Research Council ((Vetenskapsrådet). Ethics approval included the use of passive parental consent and active adolescent assent.

: For both data sets, passive consent was used for parents (approved by the ethics board) and active assent for adolescents. Specifically, prior to each annual data collection, parents were informed through mail about the study, the procedures it entailed, and their right to decline participation for their children. They were able to decline participation through email, mail, phone, or a postage-paid card. Adolescents provided their assent by filling out questionnaires, after a presentation about the study, in which they were provided information about the study purpose, what participation entailed, their rights as research participants, and the manner in which their data would be anonymized and protected. The data are maintained in full compliance with EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, EU, 2016/679) and Swedish laws governing the protecting of personal information (Data Protection Act, 2018:218; Data Protection Regulation, 2018:219), which supplemented the EU GDPR.