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Article History

Received: 20 January 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 12 May 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: I certify that I have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: The research procedure followed the Ethics Committees’ guidelines and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Ref No. SBRE‐24‐0669).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents or guardians as part of the standard procedures implemented by the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and its School Crime Supplement (SCS).