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Authors
Seo, Eunjin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-3415
Lee, So Yeon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-2512
Lee, You-kyung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-0983
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Academy of Education / Spencer Postdoctoral Fellowship
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2025
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Compliance with Ethical Standards
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The Korean Educational Longitudinal Study (KELS) was responsible for all aspects of the research procedures, which were reviewed and approved by the institution’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Since this study utilizes de-identified public data from KELS, additional IRB approval was not required.
: This study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF), with the research questions, hypotheses, analysis plan, and variables of interest outlined prior to data access ( ). Minor changes occurred from the analytic plan outlined in the pre-registration, and these were explained in detail in the online supplemental materials (see Supplement ).
