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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971008, 32571249)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019MC025)
Major Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research by the Ministry of Education of China (2025JZDZ025)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Normal University.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors declare no conflict of interests with respect to the study, authorship and publication of this manuscript.
