Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Qin, Xingna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-8348
Li, Simeng https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3448-6992
Sjögren, Björn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-9829
Ren, Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-1041
Thornberg, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-3862
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Linköping University
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The data and code supporting the results of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Ethical Review Boards of the Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal University and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating adolescents, and written informed consent was obtained from their parents through the schools involved in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
